CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION     Background to the Study

The United Nations came into being following the devastation of the Second World War. The name ‘United Nations’ was coined by then United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt and was first used in the Declaration by the United Nations on 1 January 1942 during the Second World War when representatives of 26 nations pledged their Governments to continue fighting together against the Axis Powers.1 In 1945, representatives of 50 countries met in San Francisco at the United Nations conference on international organization to draw up the United Nations Charter. Those delegates deliberated on the basis of proposals worked out by the representatives of China, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom and the United States at Dumbarton Oaks, United States in August-October 1944.2 The charter was signed on 26 June 1945 by the representatives of the 50 countries. Poland signed later and became one of the original 51 Member states.3

The membership of the United Nations, under Article-3 of the Charter are of two types: Original members which include those who participated in the San Francisco conference and signed the Charter at that time.4 New members, according to Article-4 of the Charter, can also join the United Nations if the nation is committed to peace and is eligible to fulfill the obligations included in the Charter.5

The failure of the League of Nations to prevent the occurrence of another World War necessitated the formation of the United Nations whose primary aim has always been to “maintain international peace and security, and to that end: to take effective collective measures for the prevention and removal of threats to the peace, and for the suppression of acts of aggression or other breaches of the peace, and to bring about by peaceful means, and

in conformity with the principles of justice and international law, adjustment or settlement of international disputes or situations which might lead to a breach of the peace”.6

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