CHAPTER ONEINTRODUCTION1.1 Background of the StudyIf the heat energy possesses the advantage to be “clean”, free and renewable, then this is probably considered as an adapted potential solution, which answers in even-time at an economic pre-occupation and ecological problem. Among the main research done, it is found that refrigeration system uses this free and renewable source. Among all the domestic and industrial appliances used today, refrigerators consume a considerable amount of energy. Using heat energy to run refrigerators is of great practical relevance nowadays.The recovery of waste energy or waste heat recovery is heat, which is produced in a process by way of fuel combustion or chemical reaction and then dumped into the environment, even though it could still be re-used for some useful financial resolutions. In water cooled engines, the one third of the energy is wasted in exhaust gases. For such cases, vapour compression air conditioning system is used for cooling of cabins and in preservation of goods on board a ship.

1.1.1 Refrigeration Systems and ApplicationsRefrigeration is the process of removing heat from an enclosed space, or from a substance, and moving it to a place where it is unobjectionable. The primary purpose of refrigeration is lowering the temperature of an enclosed space or substance and then maintaining that lower temperature. The term “cooling” refers to any natural or artificial process by which heat is dissipated. The process of artificially producing extreme cold temperatures is referred to as cryogenic.

1.1.2 First Refrigeration SystemsThe first known method of artificially refrigeration was demonstrated by Williams Cullen at the University of Glasgow in Scotland in 1756. Cullen used a pump to create a partial vacuum over a container of Di-ethyl ether, which then boiled absorbing heat from the surrounding air. The even created a small amount of ice, but had no practical application at the time.In 1805, American inventor Oliver Evans designed but never built a refrigeration system based on the vapour compression cycle rather than the chemical solutions or volatile liquids such as ethyl ether. In 1820, the British scientist Michael Faraday liquefied ammonia and other gases by using high pressures and low temperatures. An American living in Great Britain, Jacob Perkins obtained the first patent for a vapour compression refrigeration system in 1834. Perkins built a prototype system and it actually worked, but it never succeeded commercially.The first gas absorbing refrigeration system using gaseous ammonia dissolved in water (referred to as “aqua ammonia”) was developed by Ferdinand Carre of France in 1859 and patented in 1860. Due to the toxicity of ammonia, such systems were not developed for use in homes, but were used to manufacture ice for sale.

1.1.3 Current Applications of RefrigerationProbably, the most widely-used current applications of refrigeration are for the air conditioning of private homes and public buildings, and the refrigeration of foodstuffs in homes, restaurants and large storage warehouses. The use of refrigerators in our kitchens for the storage of fruits and vegetables has allowed us to add fresh salad to our diets year round, and to store meat and fish safely for long periods.In commerce and manufacturing, there are many uses for refrigeration. Refrigeration is used to liquefy gases like oxygen, nitrogen, propane and methane. In compressed air purification, it is used to condense water vapour from compressed air to reduce its moisture content. In oil refineries, chemical plants, and petrochemical plants, refrigeration is used to maintain certain processes at their required low temperatures (like in the alkylation of butane and butane to produce a high octane gasoline component). Metal workers use refrigeration to temper steel and cutlery. In transporting temperature-sensitive foodstuffs and other materials by trucks, trains, airplanes, and sea-going vessels, refrigeration is a necessity.

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