CHAPTER ONE

 1.0 INTRODUCTION

Porous media refers to a substance that has tiny pores, or air spaces between solid material through which liquid and gas can pass. Examples of naturally occurring porous media include soil, and sometypes of stone, such as pumice and sandstone. Sponges, ceramics, and reticulated foam are also manufactured for use as porous media. The possible applications of these materials in science, industry, and everyday life are vast, although they are perhaps most commonly used as filters (Dullien, 1992).

Physically, a porous medium can be distinguished from other materials including other porous media by its porosity, or the size of its pores. Materials with low porosity are less permeable and typically have smaller pores, making it more difficult for gas or liquid to pass through them, while materials with high porosity have large pores and are easily permeated (Dullien, 1992). Porosity is an important consideration in filtering, since if enough to effectively trap them. Geologists also consider the porosity of the surrounding stone and soil when conducting observations of soil and natural gas reservoirs. Natural gas trapped in low-porosity stone is known as “tight gas” and is more difficult to access than other reserves (Athy, 1930).

Water quality refers to the chemical, physical, biological and radiological characteristics of water. It is a measure of the condition of water relative to the requirements of one or more biotic species and or to any human need or purpose. It is most frequently used by reference to a set of standards against which compliance can be assessed. The most common standards used to assess water quality relate to health of ecosystems, safety of human contact, and drinking water.

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